STONE COAL - solid fuel mineral from plant origin - a kind of fossil coal, intermixture of brown coal and anthracite. Coal is a dense rock of black or gray-black color, making a black line on a porcelain plate. Organic matter contains 75-92% carbon, 2.5-5.7% hydrogen, 1.5-15% oxygen. The highest calorific value in terms of dry ash-free state is 30.5-36.8 MJ / kg. Most hard coal belongs to the humolites; sapropelites and humitosapropelites are present in the form of lenses or small layers.
Coals are in the form of layers and lenticular deposits of various thickness (from fractions of meters to several tens and hundreds of meters) at different depths (from surface outlets up to 2500m and deeper). Coals are formed from decomposition products of organic residues of higher plants that have undergone changes (metamorphism) under the pressure of the surrounding rocks of the earth's crust and relatively high temperatures.

IRON ORES - natural mineral formations containing iron in such quantities and compounds from which industrial extraction of metal is economically feasible. Iron ores are varied in mineral composition, iron content, useful and harmful impurities, conditions of formation and industrial properties. The main ore minerals are iron oxides — magnetite, hematite, martite, hydroxides — goethite and hydrogoethite, carbonates — siderite and sideroplesite, silicates — chamosite and thuringite. The iron content in industrial ores is from 16 to 72%. Among the useful impurities of Ni, Co, Mn, W, Mo, Cr, V, etc., among the harmful - S, R, Zn, Pb, As, Cu. According to genesis, iron ore deposits are subdivided into endogenous, exogenous and metamorphogenous.

GOLD ORES - natural mineral formations containing gold in quantities for which it is profitable to extract it using modern production methods. In addition to gold ores, there are gold-bearing ores of copper, nickel, lead and zinc, silver, iron (ferruginous quartzites), manganese, in which gold is a by-product component. More than 30 gold minerals have been discovered. The main industrial importance is native gold, the minor - kustelite (Au about 10-20%) and tellurides: calaverite - AuTe2 (40-43% Au), krennerite - (Au, Ag) Te2 (about 40% Au), silvanite - ( Au, Ag) Te4 (25-27% Au), petzite Ag3AuTe2 (25% Au). Associated components of gold ores are Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, Bi, As, Sb, Te, Hg, W, Sn, Co, Ni.

There are endogenous, exogenous and metamorphosed gold ores. All endogenous gold ores are from hydrothermal origin. They contain Au from 2-3 to several hundred g / t. They form massive slab-shaped veins, saddle-shaped veins, deposits, and tubular bodies of vein and stockwork ores. The main vein mineral is quartz. In varying amounts, there are calcium and iron carbonates, barite, chlorite, sericite, tourmaline. Among the ore minerals, more often prevails pyrite, less often - arsenopyrite.

OIL is a flammable oily liquid with a specific odor, spread in the sedimentary layer of the Earth, which is the most important mineral resource. Formed together with gaseous hydrocarbons, usually at a depth of more than 1.2-2 km. Near the earth's surface, oil is transformed into dense malthite, semi-solid asphalt. Oil in the reservoirs is saturated with gas, mainly wih light hydrocarbons.

Oil is a complex natural formation consisting of hydrocarbons (methane, naphthenic and aromatic) and non-hydrocarbon components (mainly oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen compounds).


Prepare to meet Mining Empire: Earth Resources!

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